Gyokuro is considered the best of the best of Japanese green teas, due to its sweet full-mouth feel. The name Gyokuro translates into English as “precious dew”. A rather fitting name for this special tea.
Flavor aside, what really makes this tea unique is how man intervenes in the tea’s growing process to assist in amplifying the flavor. As written about in an earlier blog, Japan has been breeding specific tea cultivars for decades and the cultivar most used in Gyokuro is the Yutakamidori. The cultivars used to produce Gyokuro do have a generally sweeter taste, but they also react better to shade.
Gyokuro – An Accidental Discovery
Gyokuro was supposedly created in 1835 in Uji province Japan, by a farmer that put hay on his tea plants to protect them from a late spring frost and did not remove the hay until harvest time. The farmer discovered that the tea, when harvested and dried, had a much sweeter flavor than the usual Sencha. By shading the tea plant, the farmer caused the plant to increase its theanine production, which makes it taste sweeter. Today, most tea farms use shade cloth instead of hay, but some still use the hay. The tea stays under shade around 21 days. There may be some variation on the length because the farmers are waiting for the tea buds to get to ¾ inch in length before harvesting, and depending on the weather it could take the plants longer to get to the desired length (Kevin Gascoyne, 2011). Unlike the rest of the teas in Japan, Gyokuro is harvested by hand. Gyokuro is also only produced in one harvest each year. The tea plant then goes on to grow leaves for Sencha or Bancha, in a later harvest.
Finished Gyokuro and Steeping Instructions
Once the tea leaves are plucked, the leaves are separated from the stem and then steamed in much the same fashion as Sencha. The steaming processes will cause the leaf to fall apart, so the finished product has lots of different leaf sizes.
In making a cup of Gyokuro, the water should be well below boiling, somewhere between 149-170 degrees Farenhait. To get this, pour boiling water into a ceramic cup and wait about 5 minutes before putting in the tea leaves. Gyokuro being juried in a tea competitions in Japan are brewed even cooler, at 104 degrees Farenhait. When steeping at this temperature the tea pot and cup are preheated and the water does not get to boil. The tea is typically steeped for 90 seconds.
If you are even remotely interested in green tea, Gyokuro is a wonderful tea to try and nice change to typical vegetal and seaweed flavors of Sencha.
Works Cited
Kevin Gascoyne, F. M. (2011). Tea: History Terroirs Varieties. In K. Gascoyne, F. Marchand, J. Desharnais, & H. Americi, Tea: History Terroirs Varieties (pp. 98-99). Firefly Books Ltd.
For many, tea bags are considered to be low quality, and they are often avoided by tea drinkers who have discovered loose leaf tea. For those of us who prefer loose leaf tea, there are plenty of valid reasons why they are our teas of choice. They offer greater appreciation for the product consumed, better understanding of where it comes from, and appreciation of the sheer beauty of the loose leaf. But what really makes loose leaf tea “high quality tea” and to whom? There are many different views on quality tea that are worth exploring. Ultimately, for the blender “quality tea” is more a discussion of appropriate fitness for the intended product. For consumers it comes down to what you want from your tea experience and how adventurous you want to be (i.e. drink what you like).
Quality Tea Flavor
Star Anise by Flickr User Arria Belli CC BY SA 2.0
There are any number of flavors that can be ascribed to tea. A single estate or blended tea may have malty, grassy, fruity, or other tastes associated with it. In order to appeal to a broader set of customers, producers and sellers often reach for additional ingredients. Candied fruits, herbs, spices, roots, dried berries and many other additions can create interesting teas. Some of the ingredients complement the base tea, some overpower the flavor of the base tea, and still others have no tea at all and are simply herbals or tisanes. When the standard fruits, nuts, berries, and other additions don’t quite provide enough flavor or aroma for the producer or blender they reach for natural and artificial flavors. These additions provide extra concentrated flavor for which a little goes a long way. For some consumers the measure of quality tea will be lack of additional “flavors”, for others it will be the size and quantity of additional ingredients, and for still others it will be the balance of flavors which allow the base tea flavor to come through.
Whole Leaf or Broken Leaf Tea
Fullness of the leaf or leaf size can be a measure of quality tea for some. Tea leaf size ranging from extremely small particles, called dust and fannings, all the way up to full leaf (the likes of FOP, OP, TGFOP, etc). While some tea drinkers prefer only whole or nearly whole leaf, the measure of quality tea along leaf size is really focused on two areas for producers; consistency in size and properties that come from a specific leaf size.
Tea, like liquids of different densities, will separate.
Consistency of leaf size is important due to surface area exposed to water. Lack of consistent size of the leaf during the infusion process means flavor and color is extracted from the leaves at different rates. While the infusion of smaller particles may be well past its prime, larger leaf may yet to fully infuse and release its flavor, anti-oxidants, and other properties. With black tea, over-steeping the smaller particles is less of a problem. However, with green tea, over-steeping leads to bitterness that many dislike. So it’s important, especially with green teas, to have consistent leaf size. Tea bags are primarily to satisfy convenience requirements, chief among them is fast brewing time. Dust and fannings require only seconds to brew making the right size (small) a point of quality for tea bag manufacturers.
Specific leaf size is very important to blenders. As one attempts to make a blend that works for consumers, the specific leaf size becomes important in relation to other ingredients. Size and weight greatly impacts how the dry product settles in bags and tins. Having the wrong leaf size for a given blend means that the ingredients settle out with heavier ingredients sinking to the bottom and lighter floating on the surface. Think of the school science project with oil and water where the two separate out. With tea, if the finished product separates into layers the flavor, ultimately, is not what is expected by the consumer and would dramatically change as different portions of the batch is consumed.
Single Estate and Authenticity in Quality Tea Production
There is a growing awareness and appreciation in the United States for unique, artisan tea production. In particular, an increasing number of consumers are looking for a connoisseur experience when purchasing tea. Single Estate Teas generally eliminates the blending and flavoring, providing the connoisseur the opportunity to experience and appreciate a single tea, from a very specific corner of the globe, and realize the differences between batches and production years. Similarly, connoisseurs are often seeking authenticity in production. Meaning they prefer an authentic Dragonwell or Bai Hao Silver needle vs attempts by producers in different provinces or even entirely different countries to sell knock-offs at artificially high prices. In this case the measure of quality tea, for some consumers, comes from the amount of knowledge available about the producing estate or how closely the product tracks to established norms of production style and production region.
Less Subjective Quality Issues in Tea
While the other tea quality measures discussed thus far are really more in the eye of the beholder, there are certainly objective quality issues with tea from time to time. Specifically, production and storage problems. During production there are any number of issues that can impact the quality of tea. For example, tea can be picked at the wrong pluck standard for a given style, it can be left out to wither too long (or not long enough), during firing it could be left with too much moisture causing mold and mildew problems. On the other end of the spectrum, tea can be stored improperly causing off flavors. Since tea is hygroscopic, it readily absorbs moisture from the air as well as odors. Storing a tea open to the air, even for a few hours with something as strong as mint nearby, can easily ruin the taste and aroma of an otherwise great tea.
Quality Tea is Subjective: Do You Want a Conventional, Adventurous, or Connoisseur Tea Experience?
Bai Hao Silver Needle Full Leaf
In the end, quality tea is very much situational and subjective. Try to tell a producer of fannings and dust that it’s not a high quality tea product and a heated discussion will very likely ensue. So trying to identify “quality tea” is really a misnomer. Instead it’s far more important to identify what you want in your tea experience. If you want something quick with a consistent taste and aren’t interested in the back-story then teabags will likely suffice. Perhaps you want a conventional tea experience with a bit more variety and understanding about the tea you are consuming. You may be a bit more adventurous and interested in getting to know more single origin teas or the individual teas that make up your favorite blends. Or are you looking for the connoisseur experience; appreciating individual growing regions, estates, or specialty styles. Each experience has its own marks of “quality” or the standards to which they are held and from our perspective it’s more important to explore the different nuances to different styles of tea than it is to adhere to somewhat arbitrary definitions of quality tea.
